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મદદ:IPA/Conventions for English

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વિકિપીડિયામાંથી

The various English dictionaries use different and sometimes conflicting IPA transcriptions for English. For example, the transcription /i/ may be used for the vowel of sit, of seat, or at the end of city. A dictionary may not even be consistent between one edition and the next. This table correlates the more widely used dictionaries with the conventions of the IPA key that is used on Wikipedia.

Most dictionaries transcribe a specific dialect or accent, such as the Received Pronunciation (RP) of the Oxford English Dictionary, or a narrow range of dialects. Wikipedia's IPA key, on the other hand, is intended to cover RP, General American, Australian, and other national standards. As such, Wikipedia transcribes /r/ where it is found in rhotic dialects, but also the vowel distinctions found in non-rhotic dialects, without distinct UK and US transcriptions. Specific dialects may also be transcribed—local pronunciations of place names are often useful, for example—but they are normally written in addition to a more universal pronunciation.

When entering IPA in an article, please use the {{IPA}} template so that it is formatted properly on all web browsers. /Slashes/ and [brackets] should be included inside the IPA template, so that they display in the same font as the IPA itself. Also, please use proper stress ˈ and length ː marks (available at the bottom of your edit window) rather than the non-IPA shortcuts of apostrophe ઢાંચો:Angbr and colon ઢાંચો:Angbr; depending on the reader's font preferences, the latter can be ambiguous.

For a list of those languages other than English which have agreed-upon transcriptions in Wikipedia, see {{IPA keys}}. For a comparison of the non-IPA transcriptions found in many US dictionaries, see Pronunciation respelling for English.

Alternative pronunciations

[ફેરફાર કરો]

When dictionaries give alternative pronunciations, they may mean that people disagree. For example, some people pronounce bath /bæθ/, with the vowel of bat, while others with the same accent pronounce it /bɑːθ/, with the vowel of bra. This is the kind of difference celebrated in "You like to-may-toes; I like to-mah-toes". On Wikipedia, we would normally need to transcribe both, unless only one is considered correct, as may be the case for personal and place names.

However, often variant transcriptions reflect distinctions between accents, and these we do not need to transcribe, since our IPA key already covers such distinctions. For example, Merriam-Webster transcribes merry as "/ˈmɛri/" and marry as "/ˈmɛri, ˈmæri/". The two transcriptions of marry are meant to show that some people pronounce it the same as merry; it does not mean that there are two pronunciations of marry among those who either do or do not make this distinction (see Mary–marry–merry merger). It would not be possible to have the song lyric "You say marry and I say merry", because only those people who say those words differently would be able to sing it. Therefore on Wikipedia we would only have one transcription for each: merry /ˈmɛri/, marry /ˈmæri/. Since the IPA key defines the orthographic conventions of /ɛr/ and /ær/ according to basic English words, readers who do not make the marry–merry distinction will see /ɛr/ and /ær/ as being equivalent, much as the spelling pronunciations YOU-clid and EWE-clid for "Euclid" would be seen as equivalent.

Consonants

[ફેરફાર કરો]

Consonants vary little between dictionaries. The ones which do are those in the words:

rich, char /r ~ ɹ ~ (r) ~ (ɹ) ~ ∅/;
which, /ʍ ~ hw ~ (h)w ~ w/;
and new, /juː ~ uː/.

Wikipedia editors have decided to go with /rɪtʃ/, /tʃɑːr/, /hwɪtʃ/, /njuː/ for these words.

A few dictionaries, such as dictionary.com, use "/y/" for /j/, which is at odds with the official IPA usage, which defines /y/ as close front rounded vowel (as in French tu or German über), and appears as such in transcriptions of French and German, as well as some dialects of English.

Vowels

[ફેરફાર કરો]

The following tables compare the broad IPA pronunciation scheme of some dictionaries to the one used on Wikipedia. The overview is not exhaustive, but major pronouncing dictionaries have been included. Highlight colors:

  • ઢાંચો:Bg highlights pronunciation symbols that are the same as on Wikipedia (disregarding a syllable divider when it does not mean a two-syllable pronunciation, but only that the /r/ belongs to the next syllable, and disregarding different symbolizations of the syllable divider or of /r/);
  • ઢાંચો:Bg highlights pronunciation symbols that differ only in the use of the length symbol ⟨ː⟩, in parentheses, in superscripts, in non-rhotic dropped /r/, or in inserting an optional sign;
  • ઢાંચો:Bg highlights pronunciation symbols that use different signs.

Other conventions:

  • A question mark (?) means that the sound has not been found in the respective dictionary.
  • A blank cell means that the dictionary has not been checked.
  • A slash (/) separates variant pronunciations signs. The order of the variant pronunciation symbols is the same as in the source.
  • Smaller text (like so) highlights variant pronunciations that are not preferred (only some dictionaries make such a distinction).
  • A comma (,) separates different pronunciation depending on the word or depending on the region. The differences are explained in a footnote or by broadly specifying the region.

Checked vowels

[ફેરફાર કરો]
Checked vowels
WP example
word 		EPD
1930 		EPD
2003 		Longman OALD OED2 dict SOED OED3 K&K Mac WL CUBE
(BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (GA) (ES)
/æ/ trap æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ a a æ æ æ æ æ a
/ær/ _V carry ær ær er/​ઢાંચો:Bg ær ær ær ær ær ær ær ar ar ɛr ær ær ær ær aɹ
/ɛ/ dress e e e e e e e ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ e ɛ
/ɛr/ _V merry er er er er er er er ɛr ɛr ɛr ɛr ɛr ɛr ɛr ɛr ɛr er ɛɹ
/ɪ/ kit i ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ
/ɪr/ _V mirror ir ɪr ɪr ɪr ɪr ɪr ɪr ɪr ɪr ɪr ɪr ɪr ɪr ɪr ɪr ɪr ɪr ɪɹ
/ɒ/ lot ɔ ɒ ɑː ɒ ɑː ɒ ɑː ɒ ɒ ɒ ɒ ɒ ɑ ɑ ɑ ɒ o ɔ
/ɒr/ _V forage ɔr ɒr ɔːr ɒr ɔːr/​ɑː ɒr ɔːr ɒr ɒr ɔr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɒr ɒr ɔr/​ɑr ɔr/​ɑr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɔr/​ɑr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɒr or,
AE: ઢાંચો:Bg 		ɔɹ
/ʊ/ foot u ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ᴜ ᴜ ʊ ʊ ɵ
/ʊr/ _V courier ur ʊr ʊr ʊr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɝː/​ઢાંચો:Bg ʊr ʊr ʊr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ʊər ɜr/​ʊər ʊr ʊr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ʊr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ᴜr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ᴜr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ʊr ʊr,
AE: ʊr/​ઢાંચો:Bg 		ɵɹ
/ʌ/ strut ʌ ʌ ʌ ʌ ʌ ʌ ʌ ʌ ʌ ʌ ʌ ʌ ə ʌ ʌ ʌ ʌ ʌ
/ʌr/ _V hurry ʌr ʌr ɝ ʌr ɝː ʌr ɜːr ʌr ʌr ɜr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ʌr ʌr ər ɝ ɜr/​ઢાંચો:Bg/​ɝ ʌr ʌr,
AE: ઢાંચો:Bg 		ʌɹ
WP example
word 		EPD
1930 		EPD
2003 		Longman OALD OED2 dict SOED OED3 K&K Mac WL CUBE
(BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (GA) (ES)

Free vowels

[ફેરફાર કરો]
Free vowels
WP example
word 		EPD
1930 		EPD
2003 		Longman OALD OED2 dict SOED OED3 K&K Mac WL CUBE
(BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (GA) (ES)
/ɑː/ palm ɑː ɑː ɑː ɑː ɑː ɑː ɑː ɑː ɑː ɑ ɑː ɑː ɑ ɑ ɑ a ɑ ɑː
/ɑːr/ _∅ car ɑː* ɑːr ɑːr ɑː ɑːr ɑː(r) ɑːr ɑː(r) ɑː ɑr ɑː ɑː ɑr ɑr ɑː(r a ɑ(r) ɑː
_C start ɑː ɑː ɑːr ɑː ɑːr ɑː ɑːr ɑː ɑː ɑr ɑː ɑː ɑr ɑr ɑː a ɑ,
AE: ɑr 		ɑː
_V safari,
starry 		ɑːr ɑː.r ɑːr ɑːr ɑːr ɑːr ɑːr ɑːr ɑːr ɑr ɑːr ɑːr ɑr ɑr ɑr ar ɑr ɑːɹ
/aɪ/ price ai aɪ aɪ aɪ aɪ aɪ aɪ aɪ aɪ aɪ ʌɪ ʌɪ aɪ aɪ aɪ aɪ ɑɪ ɑj
/aɪər/ _∅ fire aiə* aɪər aɪɚ aɪ‿ə aɪ‿ər aɪə(r) aɪər aɪə(r)[lower-alpha ૧] aɪə[lower-alpha ૧] aɪər[lower-alpha ૧] ʌɪə ʌɪə aɪ(ə)r aɪr aɪə(r aɪə ɑɪə(r) ɑjə
_C fireman aiə aɪə aɪɚ aɪ‿ə aɪ‿ər aɪə aɪər aɪə aɪə aɪər ʌɪə ʌɪə aɪ(ə)r aɪr aɪə aɪə ɑɪə,
AE: ɑɪər 		ɑjə
_V irony, firing aiər aɪə.r, ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૨] aɪ.r, ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૩] aɪər, aɪ‿ər[lower-alpha ૪] aɪər, aɪ‿ər[lower-alpha ૫] aɪr, ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૬] aɪr, ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૭] aɪər aɪr aɪ r ʌɪr, ʌɪər[lower-alpha ૮] ʌɪr, ʌɪər[lower-alpha ૯] aɪr, ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૧૦] aɪr aɪr aɪər ɑɪər ɑjɹ
/aɪ.ər/ _∅ flyer,
higher 		aiə* aɪ.ər aɪ.ɚ aɪ‿ə aɪ‿ər aɪə(r) aɪər aɪə(r) aɪə aɪ ər ʌɪə ʌɪə aɪər aɪɚ aɪ•ə(r aɪə ɑɪə(r) ɑjə
/aʊ/ mouth au aʊ aʊ aʊ aʊ aʊ aʊ aʊ aʊ aʊ aʊ aʊ aʊ aᴜ aᴜ aʊ ɑʊ aw
/aʊər/ _∅ flour,
hour 		auə* aʊər aʊr, aʊr/​aʊɚ[lower-alpha ૧૧] aʊ‿ə aʊ‿ər aʊə(r) aʊər aʊə(r)[lower-alpha ૧] aʊə aʊər/​ઢાંચો:Bg aʊə aʊə[lower-alpha ૧] aʊ(ə)r[lower-alpha ૧] aᴜr aᴜə(r aʊə ɑʊə(r) ɑwə
_C hourglass,
hourly 		auə aʊə aʊr/​aʊɚ aʊ‿ə aʊ‿ər aʊə aʊər aʊə aʊə aʊər/​ઢાંચો:Bg aʊə aʊə aʊər aᴜr aᴜə aʊə ɑwə
_V floury auər aʊə.r aʊə.r aʊ‿ər aʊ‿ər aʊər aʊər aʊər aʊər[lower-alpha ૧૨] aʊər/​ઢાંચો:Bg aʊər aʊər aᴜr aᴜər aʊər ɑwɹ
/aʊ.ər/ _∅ flower auə* aʊər aʊɚ aʊ‿ə aʊ‿ər aʊə(r) aʊər aʊə(r) aʊə aʊ ər aʊə aʊə/​ઢાંચો:Bg aʊər aᴜɚ/​aᴜr aᴜ•ə(r/​ઢાંચો:Bg aʊə ɑʊə(r) ɑwə
_C flowerbed auə aʊə aʊɚ aʊ‿ə aʊ‿ər aʊə aʊər aʊə aʊə[lower-alpha ૧૩] aʊər aʊə aᴜr aᴜə aʊə ɑʊə,
AE: ɑʊər 		ɑwə
_V flowery auər aʊə.r aʊɚ aʊ‿ər aʊ‿ər aʊər aʊər aʊər aʊər aʊ ə r aʊər aʊər aʊr aᴜr aᴜər aʊər ɑwəɹ
/eɪ/ face ei eɪ eɪ eɪ eɪ eɪ eɪ eɪ eɪ eɪ eɪ eɪ eɪ e e eɪ eɪ ɛj
/ɛər/ _∅ square ɛə* eər er eə eər/​æər eə(r) er ɛə(r) ɛə ɛər ɛː ɛː ɛ(ə)r ɛr/​ær æə(r,
E: ઢાંચો:Bg 		ɛə eə,
AE: eər 		ɛː
_C bairn ɛə eə er eə eər eə er ɛə ɛə ɛər ɛː ɛː ɛr ɛr/​ær/​er æə/​eə,
E: ઢાંચો:Bg 		ɛə eə,
AE: eər 		ɛː
_V fairy ɛər eə.r er eər eər er ɛər ɛər ɛər ɛːr ɛːr ɛr ɛr/​ɛːr/​ær ɛr/​ɛːr/​ær,
S: ær/​er 		ɛər eər ɛːɹ
/eɪ.ər/ _∅ prayer[lower-alpha ૧૪],
layer 		eiə* eɪ.ər, eɪ.ər/ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૧૫] eɪ.ɚ eɪ ə eɪ ər eɪə(r)/​eə(r) eɪər eɪə(r) eɪə eɪ ər eɪə eɪə eɪər/​ɛ(ə)r e•ɚ e•ə(r eɪə eɪə(r) ɛjə
/iː/ fleece iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː iː i iː iː i i i i i ɪj
/ɪər/ _∅ near iə* ɪər ɪr ɪə ɪər ɪə(r) ɪr ɪə(r) ɪə ɪər ɪə ɪə ɪ(ə)r ɪr ɪə(r ɪə ɪə(r) ɪː
_C beard iə ɪə ɪr ɪə ɪər ɪə ɪr ɪə ɪə ɪər ɪə ɪə ɪ(ə)r ɪr ɪə ɪə ɪə,
AE: ઢાંચો:Bg 		ɪː
_V eerie iər ɪə.r ɪr ɪər ɪr ɪər ɪr iːr ɪər ɪər ɪər ɪər ɪr ɪr/​ir ɪr/​ir ɪər ɪər ɪːɹ
/iːər/ _∅ seer,
freer 		i(ː)ə* iː.ər/ઢાંચો:Bg, iː.ər[lower-alpha ૧૬] iː.ɚ iː‿ə iː‿ər ɪə(r), ઢાંચો:Bg{{efn|OALD (BE): ɪə(r) in seer; iːə(r) in freer.} ɪr, ઢાંચો:Bg{{efn|OALD (AE): ɪr in seer; iːər in freer.} ɪə(r)/​iːə(r), iːə(r)[lower-alpha ૧૭] iːə[lower-alpha ૧૮] i ər ɪə/​iːə iːə/​ɪə iər/​ɪ(ə)r iɚ i•ə(r ɪə ɪə(r) ɪjə
/ɔː/ thought ɔː ɔː ɑː/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɔː ɑː ɔː ɔː ɔː ɔː ɔ ɔː ɔː ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ oː
/ɔːr/ _∅ war ɔː*/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɔːr ɔːr ɔː ɔːr ɔː(r) ɔːr ɔː(r) ɔː ɔr ɔː ɔː ɔ(ə)r ɔr ɔə(r ɔ ɔ(r) oː
_C north ɔː ɔː ɔːr ɔː ɔːr ɔː ɔːr ɔː ɔː ɔr ɔː ɔː ɔ(ə)r ɔr ɔə ɔ ɔ,
AE: ɔr 		oː
_V aural ɔːr ɔː.r ɔːr ɔːr ɔːr ɔːr ɔːr ɔːr ɔːr ɔr ɔːr ɔːr ɔr ɔr ɔr ɔr ɔr oːɹ
/ɔːər/ _∅ drawer[lower-alpha ૧૯],
rawer 		ɔːə* ɔː.ər ɑː.ɚ/​ɔː.ɚ ɔːr ə ɔː‿ər/​ɑː‿ər ɔːə(r) ɔːər ɔːə(r) ɔːə ɔ ər ɔː(r)ə ɔːə ɔ•ɚ ɔ•ə(r ɔə ɔə(r)
/oʊ/ goat ou əʊ oʊ əʊ oʊ əʊ əʊ əʊ əʊ oʊ əʊ əʊ oʊ o o oʊ əʊ əw
/ɔːr/ _∅ ore ɔː*/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɔːr ɔːr ɔː ɔːr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɔː(r) ɔːr ɔə(r) ɔː ɔr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɔː ɔ(ə)r or/​ઢાંચો:Bg oə(r ɔ ɔ(r) oː
_C force ɔː ɔː ɔːr ɔː ɔːr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɔː ɔːr ɔə ɔː ɔr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɔː ɔː ɔ(ə)r or/​ઢાંચો:Bg oə ɔ ɔ,
AE: ɔr 		oː
_V oral ɔːr ɔː.r ɔːr ɔːr ɔːr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɔːr ɔːr ɔər ɔːr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɔr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɔːr ɔːr ɔr or/​ɔr or/​ઢાંચો:Bg,
S: or 		ઢાંચો:Bg ɔr,
AE: ઢાંચો:Bg 		oːɹ
/oʊ.ər/ _∅ mower,
lower[lower-alpha ૨૦] 		ouə* əʊ.ər oʊ.ɚ əʊ ə oʊ ər əʊə(r) əʊər əʊə(r) əʊə oʊ ər əʊə əʊə oʊər o•ɚ o•ə(r oʊə əʊə,
AE: əʊər 		əwə
/ɔɪ/ choice ɔi ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ oj
/ɔɪər/ _∅ coir ɔiə* ɔɪər ɔɪr ɔɪ ə ɔɪər ɔɪə(r) ɔɪər ɔɪə(r) ɔɪə[lower-alpha ૧] ɔɪr ɔɪə ɔɪə ɔɪr ɔɪə(r ɔɪə ojə
/ɔɪ.ər/ _∅ employer ɔiə* ɔɪ.ər ɔɪ.ɚ ɔɪ ə ɔɪ ər ɔɪə(r) ɔɪər ɔɪə(r) ɔɪə ɔɪ ər ɔɪə ɔɪə ɔɪ(j)ər/​ɔjər ɔjɚ ɔɪ•ə(r/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɔɪə ojə
/uː/ goose uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː uː u uː uː u u u u u ʉw
/ʊər/ _∅ cure uə*/​oə*/​ɔə*/​ɔː* ʊə ʊr ʊə/​ઢાંચો:Bg ʊər ʊə(r) ʊr ʊə(r) ʊə ʊər ʊə ʊə/​ઢાંચો:Bg ʊ(ə)r ᴜr ᴜə(r ʊə/​ઢાંચો:Bg/​ઢાંચો:Bg ʊə(r) ɵː/​oː[lower-alpha ૨૧]
_C procurement,
poorness 		uə/​oə/​ɔə/​ɔː ʊə/ઢાંચો:Bg, ઢાંચો:Bg/ʊə[lower-alpha ૨૨] ʊr ɔː/​ઢાંચો:Bg ʊr/​ɔːr ʊə, ઢાંચો:Bg/ʊə[lower-alpha ૨૩] ʊr, ʊr/ɔːr[lower-alpha ૨૪] ʊə ʊə ʊər ʊə ʊə/​ઢાંચો:Bg ur/​ʊr ᴜr ᴜə/​ઢાંચો:Bg ʊə/​ઢાંચો:Bg/​ઢાંચો:Bg ʊə/​ɔ,
AE: ઢાંચો:Bg 		ɵː, oː[lower-alpha ૨૫]
_V fury uər/​oər/​ɔər/​ɔːr ʊə.r ʊr ʊər/​ઢાંચો:Bg ʊr ʊər ʊr ʊər ʊər ʊər ʊər ʊər/ઢાંચો:Bg ur, ʊr[lower-alpha ૨૬] ᴜr ᴜr ur ʊər ɵːɹ/​oːɹ
/uːər/ _∅ fewer,
sewer[lower-alpha ૨૭] 		uə*/​oə* uː.ər, ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૨૮] uː.ɚ uː‿ə uː‿ər uːə(r) uːər uːə(r) uːə u ər uːə uːə uər/​ʊər u•ɚ u•ə(r uə uə(r) ʉwə
/ɜːr/ _∅ fur əː* ɜːr ɝː ɜː ɝː ɜː(r) ɜːr ɜː(r) ɜː ɜr əː əː ər ɝ ɜ(r/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɜ ɜ əː
_C nurse əː ɜː ɝː ɜː ɝː ɜː ɜːr ɜː ɜː ɜr əː əː ər ɝ ɜ/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɜ ɜ əː
_V furry əːr ɜː.r ɝː ɜːr ɝː ɜːr ɜːr ɜːr ɜːr ɜr əːr əːr ər ɝ ɜr/​ઢાંચો:Bg ɜr ɜr əːɹ
WP example
word 		EPD
1930 		EPD
2003 		Longman OALD OED2 dict SOED OED3 K&K Mac WL CUBE
(BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (GA) (ES)
  1. ↑ ૧.૦ ૧.૧ ૧.૨ ૧.૩ ૧.૪ ૧.૫ ૧.૬ If there are no other syllables, the word bears no stress mark, indicating a mono-syllabic pronunciation.
  2. ↑ EPD (BE): /aɪə.r/ in irony, Irish; /aɪə.r/ in firing.
  3. ↑ EPD (AE): /aɪ.r/ in irony, Irish; /aɪɚ/ in firing.
  4. ↑ Longman (BE): /aɪər/ in irony; /aɪ‿ər/ in firing.
  5. ↑ Longman (AE): /aɪər/ in irony; /aɪ‿ər/ in firing.
  6. ↑ OALD (BE): aɪr in irony; aɪər in firing.
  7. ↑ OALD (AE): aɪr in irony; aɪər in firing.
  8. ↑ SOED: /ʌɪr/ in irony; /ʌɪər/ in firing.
  9. ↑ OED3 (BE): /ʌɪr/ in irony; /ʌɪər/ in firing.
  10. ↑ OED3 (AE): /aɪr/ in irony; /aɪ(ə)r/ in firing.
  11. ↑ EPD (AE): /aʊr/ in flour; /aʊr/ or /aʊɚ/ in hour.
  12. ↑ dict (BE): In dowry.
  13. ↑ dict (BE): In flowerless.
  14. ↑ Person who prays.
  15. ↑ EPD (BE): /eɪ.ər/ in prayer; /eɪ.ər/ or /eər/ in layer.
  16. ↑ EPD (BE): /iː.ər/ or /ɪər/ in seer; /iː.ər/ in freer.
  17. ↑ /ɪə(r)/ or /iːə(r)/ in seer; /iːə(r)/ in freer.
  18. ↑ dict (BE): In overseer.
  19. ↑ Person who draws.
  20. ↑ Cause to descend, or comp. of low.
  21. ↑ See english speech services | The British English vowel system.
  22. ↑ EPD (BE): /ʊə/ or /ɔː/ in procurement; /ɔː/ or /ʊə/ in poorhouse.
  23. ↑ OALD (BE): /ʊə/ in procurement; /ɔː/ or /ʊə/ in poorhouse.
  24. ↑ OALD (AE): /ʊr/ in procurement; /ʊr/ or /ɔːr/ in poorhouse.
  25. ↑ CUBE: /ɵː/ in procurement; /oː/ in poorhouse.
  26. ↑ OED3 (AE): /ur/ in fury; /ʊr/ in lurid.
  27. ↑ Drain.
  28. ↑ EPD (BE): /uː.ər/ in fewer; /ʊər/ in sewer.

Reduced vowels

[ફેરફાર કરો]
Reduced vowels
WP example
word 		EPD
1930 		EPD
2003 		Longman OALD OED2 dict SOED OED3 K&K Mac WL CUBE
(BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (GA) (ES)
/ə/ comma, ago ə ə ə ə ə ə ə ə ə ə ə ə ə ə ə ə ə ə
/ən/ kitten n ən ən ən ən n n (ə)n ən n (ə)n n̩ ən n̩ n̩ n n ən
/əm/ rhythm m əm əm əm əm əm əm (ə)m əm əm əm m̩ əm əm/​ઢાંચો:Bg əm/​ઢાંચો:Bg əm m əm
/əl/ middle l l̩ l̩ əl əl l l (ə)l əl l (ə)l l̩/ઢાંચો:Bg (ə)l l̩ l̩ l l əl
/ər/ _∅ letter ə* ər ɚ ə ər ə(r) ər ə(r) ə ər ə ə ər ɚ ə(r ə ə(r) ə
_C bittersweet ə ə ɚ ə ər ə ər ə ə ər ə ə ər ɚ ə ə ə
_V murderer ər ər ɚ ‿ər ər ər ər ər ər[lower-alpha ૧] ər (ə)r (ə)r ər ər ər ər ər əɹ
/i/ happy i i i i i i i ɪ ɪ i i i i ɪ ɪ i ɪ ɪj
/u/ situation, actuate u u u u u u u uː ʊ u ʊ ʊ əw ᴜ/​əw[lower-alpha ૨] ᴜ/​əw[lower-alpha ૩] u ʊ ʉw
/ɪ, ə/ roses, enough,
enounce, emission,
mistress 		i, i/ઢાંચો:Bg, i/iː, i(ː)[lower-alpha ૪] ɪ, ɪ/ə, ə/ɪ, ɪ/ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૫] ɪ, ɪ/ə, ɪ/ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૬] ɪ/ə, ɪ/ə/ઢાંચો:Bg, ɪ/ઢાંચો:Bg, ə/ɪ[lower-alpha ૭] ə, ɪ/ə, ɪ/ə/ઢાંચો:Bg, ɪ/ઢાંચો:Bg, ə/ɪ[lower-alpha ૮] ɪ, ə[lower-alpha ૯] ɪ, ə[lower-alpha ૧૦] ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ, ઢાંચો:Bg/ɪ[lower-alpha ૧૧] ɪ, ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૧૨] ɪ, ə[lower-alpha ૧૩] ɪ, ə/ɪ, ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૧૪] ɪ, ə/ɪ, ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૧૫] ə, ə/ઢાંચો:Bg, ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૧૬] ɪ, ɪ/ə, ə/ɪ[lower-alpha ૧૭] ɪ, ə[lower-alpha ૧૮]
/oʊ, ə/ follow, cooperate,
omission, kilogram 		ou, ou, o/ou/ઢાંચો:Bg, o/ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૧૯] əʊ, əʊ[lower-alpha ૨૦] oʊ, oʊ/ə[lower-alpha ૨૧] əʊ, əʊ, ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૨૨] oʊ, oʊ/ə, ə[lower-alpha ૨૩] ઢાંચો:Bg, ə[lower-alpha ૨૪] ઢાંચો:Bg, ə[lower-alpha ૨૫] ઢાંચો:Bg, ə[lower-alpha ૨૬] əʊ oʊ, ə[lower-alpha ૨૭] əʊ, ə(ʊ), ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૨૮] əʊ, ə(ʊ), ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૨૯] oʊ, oʊ/ə, ə[lower-alpha ૩૦] o/ઢાંચો:Bg, o, ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૩૧] o/ઢાંચો:Bg, o, ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૩૨] oʊ, oʊ/ə, ə[lower-alpha ૩૩] əʊ, ઢાંચો:Bg/əʊ, ઢાંચો:Bg[lower-alpha ૩૪] ઢાંચો:Bg, ə[lower-alpha ૩૫]
/ʊ, ə/ beautiful, curriculum u, u/ə[lower-alpha ૩૬] ə/ʊ, ə/ʊ[lower-alpha ૩૭] ə/ʊ, ə[lower-alpha ૩૮] ə/ʊ, ʊ/ə[lower-alpha ૩૯] ə/ʊ, ə[lower-alpha ૪૦] ઢાંચો:Bg, ə[lower-alpha ૪૧] ઢાંચો:Bg, ə[lower-alpha ૪૨] ʊ ʊ ə ʊ/(ə), ʊ[lower-alpha ૪૩] (ᵿ), ᵿ[lower-alpha ૪૪] ə ə[lower-alpha ૪૫] ə[lower-alpha ૪૬] ʊ, ə[lower-alpha ૪૭] ઢાંચો:Bg, ʊ[lower-alpha ૪૮] ə
WP example
word 		EPD
1930 		EPD
2003 		Longman OALD OED2 dict SOED OED3 K&K Mac WL CUBE
(BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (BE) (AE) (GA) (ES)
  1. ↑ dict (BE): In murderous.
  2. ↑ K&K (GA): /ˌsɪtʃᴜˈeʃən/ or /ˌsɪtʃəˈweʃən/.
  3. ↑ K&K (ES): /ˌsɪtʃᴜˈeʃən/ or /ˌsɪtʃəˈweʃən/.
  4. ↑ EPD 1930: /i/ in roses, mistress; /i/ or /ə/ in enough; /i/ or /iː/ in emission; /i(ː)/ in enounce.
  5. ↑ EPD (BE): /ɪ/ in roses, enounce; /ɪ/ or /ə/ in enough; /ə/ or /ɪ/ in mistress; /ɪ/ or /iː/ in emission.
  6. ↑ EPD (AE): /ɪ/ in roses, enounce, mistres; /ɪ/ or /ə/ in enough; /ɪ/ or /iː/ in emission.
  7. ↑ Longman (BE): /ɪ/ or /ə/ in roses, enough; /ɪ/ or /ə, iː/ in emission; /ɪ/ or /iː/ in enounce; /ə/ or /ɪ/ in mistress.
  8. ↑ Longman (AE): /ə/ in roses; /ɪ/ or /ə/ in enough; /ɪ/ or /ə, iː/ in emission; /ɪ/ or /iː/ in enounce; /ə/ or /ɪ/ in mistress.
  9. ↑ OALD (BE): /ɪ/ in enough, emission; /ə/ in mistress
  10. ↑ OALD (AE): /ɪ/ in enough, emission; /ə/ in mistress
  11. ↑ SOED: /ɪ/ in enough, emission, mistress; /iː/ or /ɪ/ in enounce.
  12. ↑ OED3 (BE): /ɪ/ in enough, enounce, emission, react; /ᵻ/ in mistress, design, beautiful.
  13. ↑ OED3 (AE): /ɪ/ in enough, enounce, emission; /ə/ in mistress.
  14. ↑ K&K (GA): /ɪ/ in roses, emission, mistress; /ə/ or /ɪ/ in enough; /i/ in enounce.
  15. ↑ K&K (ES): /ɪ/ in roses, emission, mistress; /ə/ or /ɪ/ in enough; /i/ in enounce.
  16. ↑ Mac: /ə/ in roses, mistress; /ə/ or /i/ in emission, enough; /i/ in enounce.
  17. ↑ WL: /ɪ/ in emission; /ɪ/ or /ə/ in enough; /ə/ or /ɪ/ in mistress.
  18. ↑ CUBE: /ɪ/ in roses, enough, emission; /ə/ in mistress.
  19. ↑ EPD 1930: /ou/ in follow; /ou/ in cooperate; /o/ or /ou/, /ə/ in omission; /o/ or /ə/ in kilogram.
  20. ↑ EPD (BE): /əʊ/ in follow, cooperate; /əʊ/ in omission, kilogram.
  21. ↑ EPD (AE): /oʊ/ in follow, cooperate, omission; /oʊ/ or /ə/ in kilogram.
  22. ↑ Longman (BE): /əʊ/ in follow, cooperate; /əʊ/ in omission, kilobyte; /ə/ in kilogram.
  23. ↑ Longman (AE): /oʊ/ in follow, cooperate; /oʊ/ or /ə/ in omission; /ə/ in kilogram.
  24. ↑ OALD (BE): /əʊ/ in follow, cooperate; /ə/ in omission, kilogram.
  25. ↑ OALD (AE): /əʊ/ in follow, cooperate; /ə/ in omission, kilogram.
  26. ↑ OED2: /əʊ/ in follow, cooperate, omission; /ə/ in kilogram.
  27. ↑ dict (AE): /oʊ/ in cooperate, follow, omission; /ə/ in kilogram.
  28. ↑ SOED: /əʊ/ in follow, cooperate; /ə(ʊ)/ in omission; /ə/ in kilogram.
  29. ↑ OED3 (BE): /əʊ/ in follow, cooperate; /ə(ʊ)/ in omission; /ə/ in kilogram.
  30. ↑ OED (AE): /oʊ/ in follow, cooperate; /oʊ/ or /ə/ in omission; /ə/ in kilogram.
  31. ↑ K&K (GA): /o/ or /ə/ in follow; /o/ in cooperate, omission; /ə/ in kilogram.
  32. ↑ K&K (ES): /o/ or /ə/ in follow; /o/ in cooperate, omission; /ə/ in kilogram.
  33. ↑ Mac: /oʊ/ in follow, cooperate; /oʊ/ or /ə/ omission; /ə/ in kilogram.
  34. ↑ WL: /əʊ/ in follow, cooperate; /ə/ or /əʊ/ in omission; /ə/ in kilogram.
  35. ↑ CUBE: /əw/ in follow, cooperate; /ə/ in omission, kilogram.
  36. ↑ EPD 1930: /u/ in beautiful; /u/ or /ə/ in curriculum.
  37. ↑ EPD (BE): /ə/ or /ʊ/ in beautiful; /ə/ or /ʊ/ in curriculum.
  38. ↑ EPD (AE): /ə/ or /ʊ/ in beautiful; /ə/ in curriculum.
  39. ↑ Longman (BE): /ə/ or /ʊ/ in beautiful; /ʊ/ or /ə/ in curriculum.
  40. ↑ Longman (AE): /ə/ or /ʊ/ in beautiful; /ə/ in curriculum.
  41. ↑ OALD (BE): – in beautiful /ˈbjuːtɪfl/; /ə/ in curriculum.
  42. ↑ OALD (BE): – in beautiful /ˈbjuːtɪfl/; /ə/ in curriculum.
  43. ↑ SOED: /ʊ/ or /(ə)/ in beautiful; /ʊ/ in curriculum.
  44. ↑ OED3 (BE): /(ᵿ)/ in beautiful; /ᵿ/ in pendulum.
  45. ↑ K&K (GA): /ə/ in beautiful, curriculum.
  46. ↑ K&K (ES): /ə/ in beautiful, curriculum.
  47. ↑ Mac: /ʊ/ in beautiful; /ə/ in curriculum.
  48. ↑ WL: – in beautiful /ˈbjutəfl/; /ʊ/ in curriculum.

Stress

[ફેરફાર કરો]

Stress need not be included in the notation of a monosyllabic word since it is self-evident. In phrases, however, it is advised to include stress even of a monosyllabic word because a lack of stress may indicate a different pronunciation than intended. For example, in the name Zack de la Rocha, Zack and Rocha have stress, but de la does not: /ˈzæk dɛlə ˈroʊtʃə/. It would therefore convey an incorrect pronunciation to leave the stress mark off Zack.

OED2 does not indicate stress on monosyllables, but uses the stress mark to disambiguate disyllables: higher (ˈhaɪə(r)) vs. hire (haɪə(r)). On WP, the distinction is made with the aid of the syllabification mark: /ˈhaɪ.ər/, /haɪər/.

Dictionaries also disagree on secondary stress. Generally, any stressed syllable prior to the last is marked as secondary (/ˌzæk dɛlə ˈroʊtʃə/), and that convention is followed here. However, several dictionaries also mark full (unreduced) vowels as having secondary stress when they come after the primary stress, even though they are not actually stressed: cerebrate, dict.com /ˈsɛrəˌbreɪt/, OED2 (ˈsɛrɪbreɪt). This practice is avoided on Wikipedia; if you have a word transcribed /ˈCVˌCV/, it should probably be /ˈCVCV/: /ˈsɛrɪbreɪt/.

References

[ફેરફાર કરો]
  • Jones, Daniel (1930) [1917]. An English Pronouncing Dictionary (Revised આવૃત્તિ). London, Toronto: J. M. Dent & Sons.
  • Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917]. Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (સંપાદકો). English Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kenyon, John Samuel; Knott, Thomas Albert (1953). A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam.
  • The Macquarie Dictionary. McMahons Point, NSW, Australia: Macquary Library. 1982.
  • Wells, J. C. (2003) [1990]. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Longman.
  • Windsor Lewis, J. (1972). A Concise Pronouncing Dictionary of British and American English. London: Oxford University Press.

ઢાંચો:IPA keys horizontal

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