લખાણ પર જાઓ

સમાજવાદ

કડીઓમાં ફેરફાર કરો
વિકિપીડિયામાંથી

સમાજવાદ એક આર્થિક અને રાજકીય વિચારસરણી છે, કે જે માને છે કે ઉત્પાદનનાં તમામ સાધનોની પેદાશ, સર્જન, વહેંચણી તથા વિનિમય પર સમગ્ર સમાજની સામૂહિક માલિકી તથા પ્રભુત્ત્વ હોવું જોઈએ.[૧] સમાજવાદ માને છે કે ન્યાયના ધોરણ પર હાલની ઔદ્યોગિક પદ્ધતિ રચવા માટે દેશના ઉદ્યોગોની માલિકી અને વ્યવસ્થા સમાજને અથવા સમસ્ત પ્રજાને હસ્તક હોવાં જોઈએ. આ સિદ્ધાંતમાં રાજ્યના એક તંત્ર હેઠળ ઉદ્યોગ-વ્યવસ્થા રચવાનો ઉદ્દેશ હોવાથી સમાજવાદને સમૂહવાદ તરીકે પણ ઓળખવામાં આવે છે.[૨]

સમાજવાદ એ આર્થિક અને સામાજિક વ્યવસ્થાની એક શ્રેણી છે જે ઉત્પાદનના સાધન અને કામદારોના સ્વ-વ્યવસ્થાપનની સામાજિક માલિકી,[૧૨] તેમજ તેમની સાથે સંકળાયેલ રાજકીય સિદ્ધાંતો અને હિલચાલ દ્વારા વર્ગીકૃત થયેલ છે.[૧૩] સામાજિક માલિકી જાહેર, સામૂહિક અથવા સહકારી માલિકી અથવા તમામ નાગરિકોની સમાન રીતની માલિકી હોઈ શકે છે.[૧૪] સમાજવાદના ઘણા પ્રકારો છે અને તે બધાને સમાવવા માટે કોઈ એક જ વ્યાખ્યા નથી,[૧૫] સામાજિક માલિકી દ્વારા વહેંચાયેલ વિવિધ સ્વરૂપો એ તેમાં રહેલું સામાન્ય તત્વ છે.[૧૬][૧૭]

સમાજવાદી તંત્રોને બિન-બજાર અને બજાર સ્વરૂપોમાં વહેંચવામાં આવે છે.[૧૮] બિન-બજાર પ્રકારના સમાજવાદમાં પરિબળ બજારો અને નાણાંની જગ્યાએ એન્જીનિયરિંગ અને તકનીકી માપદંડનો સમાવિષ્ટ ગણતરીના સાથે સમાવેશ થાય છે, જેથી ત્યાં એક આર્થિક મિકેનિઝમ ઉત્પન્ન થાય છે જે મૂડીવાદના જ જુદા જુદા આર્થિક કાયદા અનુસાર કાર્ય કરે છે. મૂડી સંચય અને નફા પ્રણાલી સાથે પરંપરાગત રીતે સંકળાયેલ નબળાઇઓ અને કટોકટીઓને દૂર કરવા એ બિન-બજાર સમાજવાદનો હેતુ છે.[૨૭] તેનાથી વિપરીત રૂપે બજારોના સમાજવાદે નાણાકીય ભાવો, પરિબળ બજારો અને કેટલાક કિસ્સાઓમાં નફાના હેતુનો ઉપયોગ જાળવી રાખ્યો છે, જે સામાજીક માલિકીના ઉદ્યોગોના સંચાલન અને તેમની વચ્ચે મૂડી ચીજોની ફાળવણી સંદર્ભે છે. આ કંપનીઓ દ્વારા પ્રાપ્ત નફો પ્રત્યેક કંપનીના કર્મચારીઓ દ્વારા સીધો જ નિયંત્રિત કરવામાં આવતો હોય છે અથવા સામાજિક ડિવિડન્ડના રૂપમાં મોટા પ્રમાણમાં સમાજને પ્રાપ્ત થતો હોય છે.[૨૮] [૨૯][૩૦]

સમાજવાદી રાજકારણ અભિગમમાં આંતરરાષ્ટ્રીયવાદી અને રાષ્ટ્રવાદી બંને રહ્યું છે; રાજકીય પક્ષો દ્વારા સંગઠિત તે પક્ષના આંતરિક રાજકારણનો વિરોધ કરે છે; ટ્રેડ યુનિયન સાથે ઓવરલેપિંગ સમયે અને અન્ય સમયે સ્વતંત્ર અને યુનિયનોની ટીકાત્મક ભૂમિકા ભજવે છે; તે ઔદ્યોગિક અને વિકાસશીલ દેશો બંનેમાં હાજર છે.[૩૧] સમાજવાદી ચળવળમાં ઉદ્ભવતી સામાજિક લોકશાહીએ બજાર સાથે મિશ્ર અર્થતંત્રને સ્વીકાર્યું છે જેમાં આવક પુનઃવિતરણ અથવા આવક નિયમન અને કલ્યાણકારી રાજ્યના રૂપમાં નોંધપાત્ર રીતે રાજ્ય તરફથી દખલનો સમાવેશ થાય છે. બજાર સમાજવાદ એ એક પ્રકારની આર્થિક લોકશાહી ની દરખાસ્ત કરે છે જ્યાં કંપનીઓ, ચલણો, રોકાણો અને કુદરતી સંસાધનોનું વધુ વિકેન્દ્રિત નિયંત્રણ છે.

સંદર્ભ

[ફેરફાર કરો]
  1. ↑ મૂળે, બાળકૃષ્ણ માધવરાવ (જાન્યુઆરી ૨૦૦૭). "સમાજવાદ". માં ઠાકર, ધીરુભાઈ (સંપાદક). ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ. ખંડ ૨૨ (સ – સા) (પ્રથમ આવૃત્તિ). અમદાવાદ: ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ ટ્રસ્ટ. પૃષ્ઠ ૨૨૩. OCLC 213511854.
  2. ↑ જોષી, વિદ્યુતભાઈ (૨૦૧૬). પારિભાષિક કોશ-સમાજશાસ્ત્ર (દ્વિતીય આવૃત્તિ). અમદાવાદ: યુનિવર્સિટી ગ્રંથનિર્માણ બોર્ડ. પૃષ્ઠ ૧૫૪. ISBN 978-93-85344-46-6.
  3. ↑ Sinclair, Upton (1 January 1918). Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible. Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.' CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  4. ↑ Nove, Alec. "Socialism". New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition (2008). A society may be defined as socialist if the major part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and operated, by state, socialised or cooperative enterprises. The practical issues of socialism comprise the relationships between management and workforce within the enterprise, the interrelationships between production units (plan versus markets), and, if the state owns and operates any part of the economy, who controls it and how.
  5. ↑ Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (23 July 2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. પૃષ્ઠ 53. ISBN 978-0-262-18234-8. Socialism is an economic system characterised by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land, and capital.
  6. ↑ "What else does a socialist economic system involve? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system" N. Scott Arnold. The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism : A Critical Study. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 8
  7. ↑ Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. પૃષ્ઠ 2. ISBN 978-0-275-96886-1. Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism.
  8. ↑ Bertrand Badie; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino (2011). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications, Inc. પૃષ્ઠ 2456. ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6. Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources.
  9. ↑ Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown, Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart (1988). Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach. Harcourt College Pub. પૃષ્ઠ 7. ISBN 978-0-15-512403-5. Pure socialism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production are owned and run by the government and/or cooperative, nonprofit groups.
  10. ↑ Brus, Wlodzimierz (2015). The Economics and Politics of Socialism. Routledge. પૃષ્ઠ 87. ISBN 978-0-415-86647-7. This alteration in the relationship between economy and politics is evident in the very definition of a socialist economic system. The basic characteristic of such a system is generally reckoned to be the predominance of the social ownership of the means of production.
  11. ↑ Michie, Jonathan (2001). Readers Guide to the Social Sciences. Routledge. પૃષ્ઠ 1516. ISBN 978-1-57958-091-9. Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. Two closely related consequences follow. First, every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an aliquot part of the total social dividend…Second, in order to eliminate social hierarchy in the workplace, enterprises are run by those employed, and not by the representatives of private or state capital. Thus, the well-known historical tendency of the divorce between ownership and management is brought to an end. The society—i.e. every individual equally—owns capital and those who work are entitled to manage their own economic affairs.
  12. ↑ [૩][૪][૫][૬][૭][૮][૯][૧૦][૧૧]
  13. ↑ "2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) any of various social or political theories or movements in which the common welfare is to be achieved through the establishment of a socialist economic system" "Socialism" at The Free dictionary
  14. ↑ O'Hara, Phillip (2003). Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. Routledge. પૃષ્ઠ 71. ISBN 978-0-415-24187-8. In order of increasing decentralisation (at least) three forms of socialised ownership can be distinguished: state-owned firms, employee-owned (or socially) owned firms, and citizen ownership of equity.
  15. ↑ Lamb & Docherty 2006
  16. ↑ Arnold, Scott (1994). The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study. Oxford University Press. પૃષ્ઠ 7–8. ISBN 978-0-19-508827-4. This term is harder to define, since socialists disagree among themselves about what socialism ‘really is.’ It would seem that everyone (socialists and nonsocialists alike) could at least agree that it is not a system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production…To be a socialist is not just to believe in certain ends, goals, values, or ideals. It also requires a belief in a certain institutional means to achieve those ends; whatever that may mean in positive terms, it certainly presupposes, at a minimum, the belief that these ends and values cannot be achieved in an economic system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production…Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system.
  17. ↑ Hastings, Mason and Pyper, Adrian, Alistair and Hugh (21 December 2000). The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought. Oxford University Press. પૃષ્ઠ 677. ISBN 978-0-19-860024-4. Socialists have always recognized that there are many possible forms of social ownership of which co-operative ownership is one...Nevertheless, socialism has throughout its history been inseparable from some form of common ownership. By its very nature it involves the abolition of private ownership of capital; bringing the means of production, distribution, and exchange into public ownership and control is central to its philosophy. It is difficult to see how it can survive, in theory or practice, without this central idea.
  18. ↑ Kolb, Robert (19 October 2007). Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society, First Edition. SAGE Publications, Inc. પૃષ્ઠ 1345. ISBN 978-1412916523. There are many forms of socialism, all of which eliminate private ownership of capital and replace it with collective ownership. These many forms, all focused on advancing distributive justice for long-term social welfare, can be divided into two broad types of socialism: nonmarket and market.
  19. ↑ Bockman, Johanna (2011). Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford University Press. પૃષ્ઠ 20. ISBN 978-0-8047-7566-3. socialism would function without capitalist economic categories—such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent—and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.
  20. ↑ Steele, David Ramsay (1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. પૃષ્ઠ 175–77. ISBN 978-0-87548-449-5. Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization...the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration.
  21. ↑ Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism, by Arneson, Richard J. 1992. Ethics, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 485–511. April 1992: "Marxian socialism is often identified with the call to organize economic activity on a nonmarket basis."
  22. ↑ Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists, by Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell. 1998. From "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism" (pp. 61–63): "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs...Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology ... It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality."
  23. ↑ The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited, by Nove, Alexander. 1991. p. 13: "Under socialism, by definition, it (private property and factor markets) would be eliminated. There would then be something like ‘scientific management’, ‘the science of socially organized production’, but it would not be economics."
  24. ↑ Kotz, David M. "Socialism and Capitalism: Are They Qualitatively Different Socioeconomic Systems?" (PDF). University of Massachusetts. મેળવેલ 19 February 2011. "This understanding of socialism was held not just by revolutionary Marxist socialists but also by evolutionary socialists, Christian socialists, and even anarchists. At that time, there was also wide agreement about the basic institutions of the future socialist system: public ownership instead of private ownership of the means of production, economic planning instead of market forces, production for use instead of for profit."
  25. ↑ Toward a Socialism for the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past, by Weisskopf, Thomas E. 1992. Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol. 24, No. 3–4, p. 2: "Socialism has historically been committed to the improvement of people's material standards of living. Indeed, in earlier days many socialists saw the promotion of improving material living standards as the primary basis for socialism's claim to superiority over capitalism, for socialism was to overcome the irrationality and inefficiency seen as endemic to a capitalist system of economic organization."
  26. ↑ Prychito, David L. (2002). Markets, Planning, and Democracy: Essays After the Collapse of Communism. Edward Elgar Publishing. પૃષ્ઠ 12. ISBN 978-1-84064-519-4. Socialism is a system based upon de facto public or social ownership of the means of production, the abolition of a hierarchical division of labor in the enterprise, a consciously organized social division of labor. Under socialism, money, competitive pricing, and profit-loss accounting would be destroyed.
  27. ↑ [૧૯][૨૦][૨૧][૨૨][૨૩][૨૪][૨૫][૨૬]
  28. ↑ Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, by Marangos, John. 2004. International Journal of Political Economy, vol. 34, no. 3, Fall 2004.
  29. ↑ O'Hara, Phillip (2000). Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. Routledge. પૃષ્ઠ 71. ISBN 978-0-415-24187-8. Market socialism is the general designation for a number of models of economic systems. On the one hand, the market mechanism is utilized to distribute economic output, to organize production and to allocate factor inputs. On the other hand, the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather than to a class of private (capitalist) owners, through some form of collective, public or social ownership of capital.
  30. ↑ Pierson, Christopher (1995). Socialism After Communism: The New Market Socialism. Pennsylvania State Univ Press. પૃષ્ઠ 96. ISBN 978-0-271-01478-4. At the heart of the market socialist model is the abolition of the large-scale private ownership of capital and its replacement by some form of ‘social ownership’. Even the most conservative accounts of market socialism insist that this abolition of large-scale holdings of private capital is essential. This requirement is fully consistent with the market socialists’ general claim that the vices of market capitalism lie not with the institutions of the market but with (the consequences of) the private ownership of capital...
  31. ↑ "In fact, socialism has been both centralist and local; organized from above and built from below; visionary and pragmatic; revolutionary and reformist; anti-state and statist; internationalist and nationalist; harnessed to political parties and shunning them; an outgrowth of trade unionism and independent of it; a feature of rich industrialized countries and poor peasant-based communities" Michael Newman. Socialism: A very Short introduction. Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 2.
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